Period 3 Elements (Na to Ar)

1. 1. Physical and Atomic Properties of the Period 3 Elements

      1. Electronic Structure
      2. Trends in Atomic Radius
      3. Trends in First Ionization Energy
      4. Trends in Electronegativity
      5. Trends in Electrical Conductivity
      6. Trends in Melting and Boiling Points

   2. Reactions of the Period 3 Elements with Water, Oxygen, and Chlorine

   3. Physical Properties of the Oxides

      1. Structure
      2. Melting and Boiling Points
      3. Electrical Conductivity

   4. Acid-Base Behavior of the Oxides

      1. Trends in Acid-Base Behavior
      2. Reactions of Oxides with Water, Acids, and Bases

   5. Chlorides of the Period 3 Elements

      1. Structure
      2. Melting and Boiling Points
      3. Electrical Conductivity
      4. Solubility in Water

   6. Hydroxides of the Period 3 Elements

      1. Sodium and Magnesium Hydroxides
      2. Aluminum Hydroxide
      3. Other Hydroxides

Group 1 Elements

1. 1. Atomic and Physical Properties

      1. Trends in Atomic Radius
      2. Trends in First Ionization Energy
      3. Trends in Electronegativity
      4. Trends in Melting and Boiling Points
      5. Trends in Density

   2. Trends in Reactivity with Water

   3. Reactions with Oxygen

      1. Reactions with Air or Oxygen and the Formation of Normal Oxides, Peroxides, and Superoxides and Their Stability
      2. Reactions of Oxides with Water and Dilute Acids

   4. Reactions with Chlorine

   5. Effect of Heat on Nitrates, Carbonates, and Hydrogen Carbonates

      1. The facts
      2. Explaining the Trend in Terms of the Polarizing Ability of the Positive Ion

   6. Flame Tests: Origin of Flame Colors

Group 2 Elements

1. 1. Atomic and Physical Properties

      1. Trends in Atomic Radius
      2. Trends in First Ionization Energy
      3. Trends in Electronegativity
      4. Trends in Melting and Boiling Points

   2. Trends in Reactivity with Water

   3. Reactions with Oxygen and Nitrogen

      1. Simple Oxides
      2. Formation of Peroxides on Heating with Oxygen
      3. Formation of Nitrides on Heating in Air

   4. Trends in Solubility of the Hydroxides, Sulfates, and Carbonates

   5. Trends in Thermal Stability of the Nitrates and Carbonates

   6. How Beryllium Differs from Other Members of Its Group

      1. Why Is Beryllium Chloride Covalent and Not Ionic?
      2. Amphoteric Beryllium Hydroxide

Group 4 Elements

1. 1. Physical Properties: Melting and Boiling Points

   2. The Trend from Non-Metal to Metal

   3. Oxidation States

   4. Possible Oxidation States

      1. Inert Pair Effect in Formation of Ionic Bonds
      2. Inert Pair Effect and the Formation of Covalent Bonds

   5. Chlorides of Carbon, Silicon, and Lead

      1. Structures and Stability
      2. Reactions with Water

   6. Oxides

      1. Structure of Carbon Dioxide and Silicon Dioxide
      2. Acid-Base Behavior of Group 4 Oxides

Group 7 Elements: Halogens

1. 1. Atomic and Physical Properties

      1. Trends in Atomic Radius
      2. Trends in Electronegativity
      3. Trends in Electron Affinity
      4. Trends in Melting and Boiling Points
      5. Bond Enthalpies
         1. Bond Enthalpies in Halogens
         2. Bond Enthalpies in Hydrogen Halides

   2. Strength of Halogens as Oxidizing Agents: F > Cl > Br > I

   3. The Acidity of Hydrogen Halides

   4. Halide Ions as Reducing Agents and Trends in Reducing Strength of Halide Ions

1. General Features
   1. General Features of Transition Elements
   2. Electronic Structure
   3. Binding Energy
   4. Variable Oxidation States
   5. Catalytic Activity
   6. Magnetic Behavior
   7. Alloy formation
2. Coordination Compounds
   1. Complex Ion
   2. Nomenclature of Coordination compounds
   3. Shapes of Complex Ions with Coordination number 2, 4 and 6
   4. Color of Complexes
3. Chemistry of Some important Transition Elements
   1. Vanadium
      1. Oxidation States
      2. As Catalyst in Contact Process
   2. Chromium
      1. Oxidation States
      2. Chromate – Dichromate Equilibrium
      3. Reduction of Chromate VI Ions with Zn and an Acid
      4. Potassium Dichromate as an Oxidizing Agent in Organic Chemistry
      5. Potassium Dichromate as an Oxidizing Agent in Titrations
   3. Manganese
      1. Oxidation States
      2. Potassium Manganate VII as an Oxidizing Agent in Organic Chemistry
      3. Potassium Manganate VII as an Oxidizing Agent in Titrations
   4. Iron
      1. Oxidation States
      2. Iron as Catalyst in Haber’s Process
      3. Iron as Catalyst in Reaction between Persulphate and Iodide Ions
      4. Reactions of Hexaaquairon(II) and Hexaaquairon(III) with Water and Ammonia
      5. Reactions of Iron (II) and (III) Ions with Carbonate, and Thiocyanate Ions
   5. Copper
      1. Oxidation States
      2. The Reaction of Hexaaquacopper(II) Ions with Hydroxide Ions, Ammonia, and Carbonate Ions

1. Sources
   1. Fossil Remains: Coal, Petroleum, Natural Gas
   2. Plants and Natural Products Chemistry
   3. Partial and Total Synthesis
   4. Products of Biotechnology
2. Coal as a Source of Organic Compounds
   1. Destructive Distillation of Coal
   2. Conversion of Coal to Petroleum
3. Characteristics of Organic Compounds
4. Uses of Organic Compounds
5. New Allotrope of Carbon: Bucky Ball
6. Functional Groups and Homologous Series
7. Detection of Elements in Organic Compounds

1. Types of Hydrocarbons
2. Alkanes and Cycloalkanes
   1. Nomenclature
   2. Physical Properties
   3. Structure
   4. Relative Stability
   5. Reactivity
3. Radical Substitution Reactions
   1. Overview
   2. Reaction Mechanism
4. Oxidation of Organic compounds
5. Alkenes
   1. Nomenclature
   2. Relative Stability
   3. Structure
   4. Preparation of Alkenes
      1. Dehydration of Alcohols
      2. Dehydrohalogenation of Alkyl Halides
   5. Reactivity
   6. Reactions
      1. Hydrogenation
      2. Hydrohalogenation
      3. Hydration
      4. Halogenation
      5. Halohydration
      6. Epoxidation
      7. Ozonolysis
      8. Polymerization
   7. Conjugation
6. Isomerism
   1. Chiral Centre
   2. Carbon-Based Chiral Centers
   3. Optical Activity
   4. Optical Isomers
   5. Stereoisomerism
   6. Structural Isomerism
7. Alkynes
   1. Nomenclature
   2. Relative Stability
   3. Structure
   4. Physical Properties
   5. Preparation of Alkynes by Elimination Reactions
   6. Reactivity
   7. Acidity of Terminal Alkynes
   8. Addition Reactions of Alkynes
      1. Hydrogenation
      2. Dissolving Metal reduction
      3. Hydrohalogenation
      4. Hydration
      5. Bromination
      6. Ozonolysis
8. Benzene and Substituted Benzenes
   1. Nomenclature
   2. Physical Properties
   3. Structure Molecular Orbital Aspects
   4. Resonance, Resonance Energy and Stabilization
   5. Reactivity And Reactions
      1. Addition Reaction
      2. Electrophilic Aromatic Substitution Reactions
         1. General Introduction
         2. Nitration
         3. Sulfonation
         4. Halogenation
         5. Friedel-Crafts Alkylation
         6. Friedel-Crafts Acylation
         7. Substituent Effects – (Table of Substituent Effects)
         8. Making Polysubstituted Benzenes

1. Chemistry of the Troposphere
   1. Chemical Reactions in the Atmosphere
   2. COx, NOx, VOCs, SOx , O3
   3. Automobile, Pollutants and the Catalytic Converter
   4. Industrial Smog
   5. Photochemical Smog
   6. Global Warming and Climate Change
   7. Acid Rain
2. Chemistry of the Stratosphere: Production and Destruction of Ozone
3. Water Pollution and Water Treatment
   1. Types of Water Pollutants
      1. Suspended Solids and Sediments
      2. Dissolved Solids
      3. Thermal Pollution
   2. Waste water treatment
4. Green Chemistry

1. Alkyl halides
   1. Nomenclature
   2. Physical Properties
   3. Structure
   4. Preparations of Alkyl Halides
      1. Reaction of Alcohols with Hydrogen Halides
      2. Reaction Of Alcohols with other Halogenating Agents (SOCl2, PX3)
      3. Radical Halogenation of Alkanes
   5. Reactivity
   6. Nucleophilic Substitution Reactions
      1. General Introduction
      2. Important Concepts
         1. Carbocations and Their Stability
         2. Nucleophile and Base
         3. Substrate and Leaving Group
      3. SN1 Mechanism
      4. SN2 Mechanism
   7. Elimination Reactions
      1. Overview
      2. E1 Mechanism
      3. E2 Mechanism
   8. Substitution versus Elimination
2. Organometallic Compounds (Grignard’s Reagents)
   1. Preparation of Grignard’s Reagents
   2. Reactivity
   3. Reactions of Grignard’s Reagents
      1. with Aldehydes and Ketones
      2. with Esters
      3. with CO2
3. Amines
   1. Nomenclature
   2. Physical Properties
   3. Structure
   4. Basicity
   5. Preparation of Amines
      1. Alkylation of Ammonia by Alkyl Halides
      2. Reductions of Nitrogen Containing Functional Groups
         1. Nitriles
         2. Nitro
         3. Amides
   6. Reactivity
   7. Reactions of Amines
      1. Overview
      2. Alkylation of Amines By Alkyl Halides
      3. Reaction of Amines with Aldehydes and Ketones
      4. Preparation of Amides
      5. Preparation of Diazonium Salts

1. Alcohols
   1. Nomenclature
   2. Physical Properties
   3. Structure
   4. Acidity
   5. Preparations of Alcohols
      1. Hydration of Alkenes (review)
      2. Hydrolysis of Alkyl Halides (review)
      3. Reaction of RMgX With Aldehydes And Ketones (review)
      4. Reduction of Aldehydes and Ketones
      5. Reaction of RMgX with Esters (review)
      6. Reduction of Carboxylic Acids and Esters
   6. Reactivity
   7. Reactions of Alcohols
      1. Reaction with HX to give Alkyl Halides (review)
      2. Reaction with SOCl2, PX3 to give Alkyl Halides (review)
      3. Acid Catalyzed Dehydration (review)
      4. Preparation of Esters
      5. Oxidation
      6. Cleavage of 1,2-diols
   8. The Sulfur Analogues (Thiols, RSH )
2. Phenols
   1. Nomenclature
   2. Structure
   3. Physical Properties
   4. Acidity
   5. Preparation of Phenols from
      1. Benzene Sulfonic Acid
      2. Chlorobenzene
      3. Acidic Oxidation of Cumene
      4. Hydrolysis of Diazonium Salts
   6. Reactivity
   7. Reactions of Phenols
      1. Electrophilic Aromatic Substitutions (review)
      2. Reaction with Sodium Metal
      3. Oxidation
   8. Difference between Alcohol and Phenol
   9. Ethers
      1. Nomenclature
      2. Preparation
      3. Physical properties
      4. Chemical reactivity

1. Nomenclature
2. Physical Properties
3. Structure
4. Preparations of Aldehydes and Ketones
   1. Ozonolysis of Alkenes (review)
   2. Hydration of Alkynes (review)
   3. Oxidation of Alcohols (review)
   4. Friedel-Crafts Acylation of Aromatics (review)
5. Reactivity
6. Reactions of Aldehydes and Ketones
   1. Nucleophilic Addition Reactions (Acid and Base Catalyzed)
   2. Relative Reactivity
   3. Reduction of Aldehydes and Ketones
      1. To Hydrocarbons
      2. Using Hydrides to Give Alcohols
      3. Using Carbon Nucleophiles
      4. Using Nitrogen Nucleophiles
      5. Using Oxygen Nucleophiles
   4. Oxidation Reactions

1. Nomenclature
2. Physical Properties
3. Structure
4. Acidity
5. Preparations of Carboxylic Acids
   1. Carbonation of Grignard’s Reagent (review)
   2. Hydrolysis of Nitriles
   3. Oxidation of Primary Alcohols (review)
   4. Oxidation of Aldehydes (review)
   5. Oxidation of Alkyl benzenes (review)
6. Reactivity
7. Reactions of Carboxylic Acids
   1. Conversion to Carboxylic Acid Derivatives
      1. Acyl Halides
      2. Acid Anhydrides
      3. Esters
      4. Amides
   2. Summary of Reactions that Interconvert Carboxylic Acids Derivatives
   3. Reduction to Alcohols
   4. Decarboxylation Reactions
   5. Reactions of Carboxylic Acid Derivatives
      1. Reactions of Acyl Halides, Friedel-Crafts Acylation (review)
      2. Reactions of Acid Anhydrides, Hydrolysis
      3. Reactions of Esters, Hydrolysis, Reduction, and with Grignard’s Reagent
      4. Reactions of Amides, Hydrolysis and Reduction
      5. Reactions of Nitriles, Hydrolysis, Reduction, and reactions with Grignard’s Reagent

1. Carbohydrates
   1. Classification
   2. Functions
   3. Nutritional Importance
2. Proteins
   1. Classification
   2. Structure
   3. Properties
   4. Importance of Proteins
3. Enzymes
   1. Role of Enzyme as a Biocatalyst
   2. Factors Affecting Enzyme activity
   3. Industrial Application of Enzyme
4. Lipids
   1. Classification
   2. Structure
   3. Properties of Lipids
   4. Nutritional and Biological Importance of lipids
5. Nucleic Acids
   1. Structural Components of DNA and RNA
   2. Nucleic Acid Polymers
   3. Storage of Genetic Information
6. Minerals of Biological Significance
   1. Sources of Important Minerals
   2. Biological Significance of Iron Calcium Phosphorous and Zinc

1. Introduction to the Chemical Process Industry and Raw Materials used
2. Safety Considerations in Process Industries
3. Dyes
4. Pesticides
5. Petrochemicals
6. Synthetic Polymers (PVC and Nylon)
7. Cosmetics: Lipsticks, Nail Varnish and Remover, hair Dyes
8. Adhesives

1. Classical Method of Analysis: Combustion Analysis and determination of Molecular Formula
2. Modern Methods of Analysis
   1. Spectroscopy
   2. Spectroscopic Methods
      1. Infra Red (IR)
      2. Ultra-Violet / Visible (UV-VIS)
      3. Nuclear Magnetic Resonance (NMR)
      4. Atomic Emission and Absorption
      5. Mass Spectrometry (MS)