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Biology Part I (Grade XI)

Bachelor of Medicine, Bachelor of Surgery (MBBS)​ syllabus recommended by Aga Khan University (AKU).

Contents hide
1 Biology Part I
1.1 1. Introduction to Biology
1.2 2. Biological Molecules
1.3 3. Enzymes
1.4 4. The Cell
1.5 5. Classification and Acellular Life
1.6 6. Kingdom Prokaryotae
1.7 7. Kingdom Protista (Protocrista)
1.8 8. Kingdom Fungi
1.9 9. Kingdom Plantae
1.10 10. Kingdom Animalia
1.11 11. Bioenergetics
1.12 12. Nutrition
1.13 13. Gaseous Exchange
1.14 14. Transport

Biology Part I

Topics and Sub-topics Student Learning Outcomes Cognitive Level
K U A

1. Introduction to Biology
1.1 Major Fields of Specialisation in Biology 1.1.1 Differentiate among the branches of biology (fresh water biology, marine biology, sociobiology, veterinary science and bioclimatology); *
1.2 Levels of Biological Organisation 1.2.1 Differentiate among the levels of biological organisation from subatomic particles to biosphere; *
1.3 Biological Method 1.3.1 Exemplify deductive and inductive reasoning;
1.3.2 Differentiate among hypothesis, theory and scientific law;		 *
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1.4 Services of Biology 1.4.1 Discuss the role of biology with respect to disease control in plants and animals:
  1. Preventive measures
  2. Immunisation
  3. Drug treatment
  4. Biological control
  5. Integrated disease management
  6. Integrated pest management
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2. Biological Molecules
2.1 Introduction to Biochemistry – Define biochemistry and biological molecules
– State the chemical composition of protoplasm
– Differentiate between organic and inorganic molecules
– Differentiate among covalent, ionic bond and hydrogen bond		 *
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2.2 Properties of Carbon 2.2.1 Describe properties of carbon (tetra-valency, isomerism and catenation);
2.2.2 Describe polarity of water molecules that results in hydrogen bonding;
2.2.3 Discuss properties of water that contribute to the sustainability of life on Earth:
  1. Cohesion
  2. Specific heat
  3. Low density of ice
  4. Heat of vapourisation
  5. Hydrophobic exclusion
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2.3 Chemical Nature and Importance of Water 2.3.1 Describe polarity of water molecules that results in hydrogen bonding;
2.3.2 Discuss properties of water that contribute to the sustainability of life on Earth:
  1. Cohesion
  2. Specific heat
  3. Low density of ice
  4. Heat of vapourisation
  5. Hydrophobic exclusion
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2.4 Carbohydrates 2.4.1 Define carbohydrates;
2.4.2 Describe properties of monosaccharides, disaccharides and polysaccharides with examples;
2.4.3 Differentiate between condensation and hydrolysis;
2.4.4 Illustrate the formation and breakage of disaccharides (maltose, sucrose and lactose);
2.4.5 Compare structure and function of starch, cellulose, glycogen and chitin;		 *
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2.5 Lipids 2.5.1 Define lipids;
2.5.2 Describe the properties of acylglycerols, phospholipids, terpenoids and waxes;
2.5.3 Illustrate the molecular structure of an acylglycerol (triglyceride), a phospholipid and a terpene;
2.5.4 Describe the roles of steroids and prostaglandins in living organisms;		 *
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2.6 Proteins 2.6.1 Define proteins and amino acids;
2.6.2 Illustrate the structure of amino acids;
2.6.3 Illustrate synthesis and breakage of peptide linkage;
2.6.4 Differentiate between:
a. Essential and non-essential amino acids
b. Acidic and basic amino acids
c. Polar and non-polar amino acids;
2.6.5 Explain amphoteric property of amino acids;
2.6.6 Differentiate between dipeptides and polypeptides;
2.6.7 Differentiate among levels of organisation of proteins:
a. Primary
b. Secondary
c. Tertiary
d. Quaternary;
2.6.8 Define fibrous and globular proteins;
2.6.9 Exemplify significance of sequence of amino acids in a polypeptide chain through sickle cell anaemia;
2.6.10 List functions of proteins in the body;		 *
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2.7 Nucleic Acids 2.7.1 Define nucleic acid;
2.7.2 Differentiate between nucleotide and nucleoside;
2.7.3 Illustrate structure of deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA);
2.7.4 Classify nucleotides on the basis of their sugar molecules and nitrogen bases;
2.7.5 Differentiate between a mononucleotide (ATP) and a dinucleotide (NAD);
2.7.6 Define genetic code;
2.7.7 Differentiate among different types of RNA molecules with reference to their role in protein synthesis;		 *
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2.8 Conjugated Molecules 2.8.1 Define conjugated molecules;
2.8.2 Describe functions of glycolipids, glycoproteins, lipoproteins and nucleoproteins.		 *
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3. Enzymes
3.1 Structure of Enzyme 3.1.1 Describe enzyme, cofactor (prosthetic group and coenzyme with examples), apoenzyme and holoenzyme; *
3.2 Characteristics of Enzymes 3.2.1 Describe characteristics of enzymes; *
3.3 Mechanism of Enzyme Action 3.3.1 Compare lock and key model and induced fit model of enzyme action;
3.3.2 Illustrate the mechanism of enzyme action through lock and key model and induced fit model;
3.3.3 Define energy of activation;
3.3.4 Explain that enzymes speed up a chemical reaction by lowering the energy of activation using graphs;		 *
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3.4 Factors Affecting Enzyme Action 3.4.1 Verify the effect of different factors (pH and temperature) on the rate of enzyme action using graph;
3.4.2 Compare optimum temperature of human body enzymes and thermophilic bacteria;
3.4.3 Compare optimum pH of different enzymes like trypsin and pepsin;		 *
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3.5 Enzyme Inhibition 3.5.1 Classify inhibitors into competitive and non-competitive inhibitors;
3.5.2 Describe the significance of inhibitors;
3.5.3 Explain feedback inhibition;		 *
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3.6 Classification of Enzymes 3.6.1 Classify enzymes on the basis of reactions they catalyse and nature of substrate. *

4. The Cell
4.1 Discovery of Cell 4.1.1 State the contributions of different scientists in the discovery of cell (Robert Hooke 1665 to August Weismann 1880);
4.2 Microscope 4.2.1 Apply the concept of resolution versus magnification of a microscope; *
4.3 Techniques used in Cell Biology 4.3.1 Describe the techniques used in cell biology:
  1. Cell fractionation
  2. Differential staining
  3. Centrifugation
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4.4 Structure of Animal and Plant Cell 4.4.1 Explain structure, chemical composition and functions of the cellular organelles of animal and plant cell as revealed through the electron microscope:
  1. Cell wall
  2. Cell membrane with reference to Fluid Mosaic Model
  3. Cytoplasm
  4. Endoplasmic reticulum
  5. Ribosomes
  6. Mitochondria
  7. Golgi apparatus
  8. Lysosomes
  9. Vacuoles
  10. Cytoskeleton
  11. Centrioles
  12. Plastids
  13. Nucleus

4.4.2 Describe storage diseases with reference to the malfunctioning of lysosomes;
4.4.3 Compare the structure and function of:

  1. Glyoxisome and peroxisome
  2. Cell wall and cell membrane
  3. Chloroplast and chromoplast
  4. Animal cell and plant cell
  5. Prokaryotic cell and eukaryotic cell
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5. Classification and Acellular Life
5.1 Classification of Living Organisms 5.1.1 Describe basis of classification of living organisms (homology, biochemistry, cytology and genetics);
5.1.2 Exemplify hierarchy of biological classification (species, genera, family, order, class, phylum/division and kingdom);		 *
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5.2 Nomenclature 5.2.1 Describe binomial nomenclature;
5.2.2 Describe the significance of binomial nomenclature;		 *
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5.3 Two and Five-Kingdom System 5.3.1 Compare kingdoms of living organisms:
  1. Two-kingdom system
  2. Five-kingdom system of Whittaker
  3. Five-kingdom system of Lynn Margulits and Karlene Schwartz
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5.4 Characteristics of Viruses 5.4.1 Trace the discovery of viruses;
5.4.2 State characteristic features of viruses;
5.4.3 Explain how viruses survive inside a host cell;		 *
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5.5 Classification of Viruses 5.5.1 Classify viruses on the basis of their structure, type of nucleic acid and host;
5.5.2 List diseases caused by viruses in animals and plants;		 *
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5.6 Life Cycle of Viruses 5.6.1 Compare lytic and lysogenic life cycle of a bacteriophage;
5.6.2 Discuss use of a bacteriophage in genetic engineering;		 *
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5.7 Viral Diseases 5.7.1 Describe causative agent, symptoms, treatment and preventive measures of viral diseases:
  1. Hepatitis
  2. Polio
  3. Bird flu
  4. Tobacco mosaic disease
  5. Acquired immune deficiency syndrome (AIDS)
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5.8 Prions and Viroids 5.8.1 Differentiate between prions and viroids;
5.8.2 List diseases caused by prions and viroids;		 *
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5.9 Economic and Human Loss by Viruses 5.9.1 Discuss the loss of economic and human resources caused by viral epidemics using Zika and Ebola as examples; *

6. Kingdom Prokaryotae
6.1 Characteristic Features of Prokaryotes 6.1.1 State characteristic features of prokaryotes; *
6.2 Morphology of Bacteria 6.2.1 State characteristic features of archaebacteria (thermophilic, acidophilic and halophilic);
6.2.2 Describe discovery, occurrence and habitat of bacteria;
6.2.3 Describe morphological diversity (shapes) of bacteria;
6.2.4 Differentiate between gram positive and gram negative bacteria with reference to their color and composition of cell wall;
6.2.5 Relate the function of each component of bacterial cell with its structure:
  1. Cell wall
  2. Cell membrane
  3. Cytoplasm
  4. Mesosomes
  5. Chromatin
  6. Endospore
  7. Plasmid
  8. Ribosomes
  9. Flagella
  10. Capsule
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6.3 Nutrition in Bacteria 6.3.1 Differentiate between the types of nutrition in bacteria:
  1. Autotrophic and heterotrophic nutrition
  2. Symbiotic and parasitic nutrition

6.3.2 Differentiate between the chlorophyll present in bacteria and plants;

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6.4 Respiration in Bacteria 6.4.1 Describe obligatory aerobes, micro-aerobes, facultative and obligatory anaerobes; *
6.5 Locomotion in Bacteria 6.5.1 Compare methods of locomotion in bacteria (chemotaxis and magnetotaxis); *
6.6 Growth in Bacteria 6.6.1 Explain different phases of growth in bacteria using graph; *
6.7 Reproduction in Bacteria 6.7.1 Differentiate among different modes of reproduction in bacteria:
  1. Binary fission
  2. Endospore formation
  3. Genetic recombination (conjugation, transduction and transformation)
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6.8 Economic Importance of Bacteria 6.8.1 Discuss role of beneficial bacteria in:
  1. Medicine
  2. Agriculture
  3. Industry
  4. Symbiosis
  5. Research and technology

6.8.2 Discuss role of harmful bacteria in:

  1. Human and animal health
  2. Food spoilage
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6.9 Control and Prevention of Bacteria 6.9.1 Describe different physical and chemical methods to control bacteria;
6.9.2 Describe immunisation (vaccination);
6.9.3 List uses and misuses of antibiotics;		 *
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6.10 Cyanobacteria 6.10.1 List general characteristics of cyanobacteria;
6.10.2 Describe habitat, structure, nutrition and reproduction in nostoc;
6.10.3 Describe role of cyanobacteria in nitrogen fixation;		 *
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7. Kingdom Protista (Protocrista)
7.1 Unifying Features 7.1.1 Describe characteristics of protists; *
7.2 Diversity among Protists 7.2.1 Trace evolutionary relationship among protists; *
7.3 Animal-like Protists 7.3.1 Describe salient features of animal-like protists;
7.3.2 Classify animal-like protists on the basis of their locomotory organelles with examples;
7.3.3 List the pathogenic protozoan and diseases caused by them;		 *
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7.4 Plant-like Protists 7.4.1 Describe salient features of plant-like protists;
7.4.2 Classify photosynthetic protists;
7.4.3 Differentiate among brown, red and green algae;		 *
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7.5 Fungus-like Protists 7.5.1 Compare features of myxomycota and oomycota;
7.5.2 State importance of Phytophthora infestans;		 *
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8. Kingdom Fungi
8.1 General Characteristics 8.1.1 Differentiate between fungi and organisms of other kingdoms on the basis of their characteristic features;
8.1.2 Describe structure and nutrition in fungi;
8.1.3 Compare lichens with mycorrhizae;
8.1.4 Explain different methods of asexual and sexual reproduction in fungi;		 *
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8.2 Classification of Fungi 8.2.1 Differentiate among main groups of fungi based on their reproductive structures and methods of reproduction; *
8.3 Land Adaptations of Fungi 8.3.1 Describe adaptive features of fungi in the land habitat; *
8.4 Importance of Fungi 8.4.1 Discuss ecological and commercial importance of fungi;
8.4.2 Discuss economic losses due to fungi;		 *
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9. Kingdom Plantae
9.1 Diversity among Plants 9.1.1 State general characteristics of plants;
9.1.2 Describe phylogeny of kingdom plantae;
9.1.3 Classify kingdom plantae;		 *
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9.2 Bryophytes 9.2.1 State characteristic features of bryophytes;
9.2.2 Classify bryophytes as musci, hepatice or anthocerotae;
9.2.3 Explain the life cycle of mosses;
9.2.4 Describe the significance of alternation of generation in bryophytes;
9.2.5 Discuss the adaptive characteristics of bryophytes in the land habitat;		 *
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9.3 Tracheophyta 9.3.1 Compare major groups of tracheophyta:
  1. Psilopsida
  2. Lycopsida
  3. Sphenopsida
  4. Pteropsida

9.3.2 Explain evolution of single-veined (microphyllus) and multi-veined (megaphyllus) leaf;
9.3.3 Differentiate between homospory and heterospory;
9.3.4 Explain the evolution of seed;

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9.4 Seed Plants 9.4.1 Describe general characteristics of gymnosperms and angiosperms;
9.4.2 Explain life cycle of pinus (gymnosperm) with diagram;
9.4.3 Explain life cycle of an angiosperm with diagram;
9.4.4 Compare dicotyledonous and monocotyledonous plant;		 *
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9.5 Angiospermic Families 9.4.5 Discuss that vascular plants are the most successful group of land plants;
9.5.1 Differentiate among vegetative characteristics, floral characteristics and economic importance of angiospermic families:
  1. Rosaceae
  2. Solanaceae
  3. Fabaceae
  4. Caesalpiniaceae
  5. Mimosaceae
  6. Poaceae
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10. Kingdom Animalia
10.1 Introduction 10.1.1 Describe general characteristics of animals; *
10.2 Criteria for Animal Classification 10.2.1 Differentiate among various phyla of kingdom animalia on the basis of their body plan:
  1. Type of symmetry (radial and bilateral symmetry)
  2. Tissue organisation (diploblastic and triploblastic)
  3. Body cavities (acoelematics, pseudocoelomates and coelomates)
  4. Pattern of development (protostomes and deuterostomes)
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10.3 Phylum Porifera 10.3.1 Explain general characteristics of poriferans;
10.3.2 Describe the economic importance of poriferans;		 *
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10.4 Grade Radiata Phylum Coelenterata 10.4.1 Explain coelenterates with reference to their:
  1. General characteristics
  2. Origin of diploblastic organisation
  3. Radial symmetry
  4. Polymorphism and alternation of generation
  5. Formation of coral reefs

10.4.2 Describe the economic importance of coelenterates;

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10.5 Grade Bilateria Triploblastic Animals-Acoelomates Phylum Platyhelminthes 10.5.1 Explain general characteristics of platyhelminthes;
10.5.2 Describe the adaptations for parasitic mode of life in platyhelminthes;		 *
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10.6 Grade Bilateria Triploblastic Animals-Pseudocoelomates Phylum Aschelminthes (Nematoda) 10.6.1 Explain nematodes with reference to their:
  1. General characteristics
  2. Parasitic adaptations

10.6.2 Describe the importance of nematodes;

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10.7 Grade Bilateria Triploblastic Animals-Coelomates Phylum Annelida 10.7.1 Explain annelids with reference to their:
  1. General characteristics
  2. Segmentation and its advantages
  3. Coelom and its advantages

10.7.2 Classify annelids up to classes;
10.7.3 Describe the importance of annelids;

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10.8 Phylum Arthropoda 10.8.1 Explain general characteristics of arthropods;
10.8.2 Describe the major classes of arthropods:
  1. Arachnida
  2. Crustacea
  3. Insecta
  4. Myriapoda

10.8.3 Describe metamorphosis in insects;
10.8.4 Discuss economic importance (beneficial and harmful) of insects;
10.8.5 Discuss insects as a successful group of animals;

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10.9 Phylum Mollusca 10.9.1 Explain general characteristics of molluscs;
10.9.2 Describe characteristics of classes of molluscs:
  1. Gastropoda
  2. Bivalvia
  3. Cephalopoda

10.9.3 Describe the economic importance of molluscs;

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10.10 Phylum Echinodermata 10.10.1 Explain general characteristics of spiny skinned animals (echinoderms) and their affinities; *
10.11 Phylum Hemichordata 10.11.1 Describe the basic characteristics of hemichordates; *
10.12 Phylum Chordata 10.12.1 Describe fundamental characteristics of chordates;
10.12.2 Classify chordates;
10.12.3 Differentiate between:
  1. Acraniata and craniata
  2. Urochordata and cephalochordata
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10.13 Sub-phylum Vertebrata 10.13.1 Describe general characteristics of super-class pisces;
10.13.2 Differentiate among cyclostomes, chondrichthyes (cartilaginous) and osteichthyes (bony fishes);
10.13.3 Describe aquatic adaptations of super-class pisces;
10.13.4 List some familiar edible fishes in Pakistan;
10.13.5 Explain origin and general characteristics of amphibians;
10.13.6 Discuss amphibians as unsuccessful land vertebrates;
10.13.7 Explain general characteristics of reptiles;
10.13.8 Discuss reptiles as successful land vertebrates;
10.13.9 Describe general characteristics of birds;
10.13.10 Explain the adaptations of birds for aerial mode of life (flight adaptations);
10.13.11 Exemplify running and flying birds;
10.13.12 Trace the evolutionary origin of birds with reference to archaeopteryx;
10.13.13 Trace the evolutionary origin of mammals;
10.13.14 Describe general characteristics and classification of mammals (prototheria, metatheria and eutheria);		 *
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11. Bioenergetics
11.1 Role of ATP 11.1.1 Define bioenergetics;
11.1.2 Describe the role of ATP as currency of energy in metabolism;		 *
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11.2 Photosynthesis 11.2.1 Define photosynthesis;
11.2.2 Describe the significance of photosynthesis;
11.2.3 State the reactants and products of photosynthesis;
11.2.4 Describe chromatography and spectrophotometry;
11.2.5 Explain the role of chlorophyll and other photosynthetic pigments, light, carbon dioxide and water in photosynthesis;
11.2.6 Describe main events of light dependent reactions (energy conversion, formation of ATP and NADPH);
11.2.7 Compare cyclic and non-cyclic phosphorylation in light dependent reactions;
11.2.8 Describe three phases of light independent (dark) reactions;
11.2.9 Compare C3, C4 and CAM plants;		 *
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11.3 Respiration 11.3.1 Define cellular respiration, oxidative phosphorylation, aerobic respiration and fermentation;
11.3.2 Differentiate between alcoholic and lactic acid fermentation;
11.3.3 State the role of mitochondria in respiration;
11.3.4 Explain the steps involved in the mechanism of cellular respiration:
  1. Glycolysis
  2. Pyruvic acid oxidation (formation of acetyl CoA)
  3. Krebs cycle (citric acid cycle)
  4. Respiratory chain
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12. Nutrition
12.1 Nutrition in Plants 12.1.1 Define nutrition;
12.1.2 Differentiate between autotrophic and heterotrophic nutrition in plants;
12.1.3 Describe various conditions caused by the deficiency of:
  1. Nitrogen
  2. Phosphorus
  3. Potassium
  4. Magnesium

12.1.4 Differentiate among various modes of heterotrophic nutrition in plants:

  1. Saprophytic nutrition
  2. Parasitic nutrition
  3. Symbiotic nutrition
  4. Insectivorous nutrition
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12.2 Nutrition in Animals 12.2.1 Differentiate among various forms of heterotrophic nutrition in animals:
  1. Saprotrophic nutrition
  2. Parasitic (ectoparasitic and endoparasitic) nutrition
  3. Holozoic nutrition

12.2.2 Classify holozoic heterotrophs:

  1. Herbivores
  2. Carnivores
  3. Omnivores

12.2.3 Classify the types of heterotrophic nutrition on the basis of size of food particle:

  1. Microphagous feeding
  2. Macrophagous feeding
  3. Fluid feeding
  4. Filter feeding

12.2.4 Differentiate between intercellular and intracellular digestion;

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12.3 Nutrition in Non-Chordates 12.3.1 Describe nutrition in amoeba, hydra, planaria and cockroach;
12.3.2 Differentiate between complete and incomplete alimentary canal;		 *
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12.4 Digestion in Human Beings 12.4.1 Relate the function of each organ of digestive system of the human with its structure:
  1. Gastrointestinal tract (GIT)
    1. Oral cavity
    2. Pharynx
    3. Oesophagus
    4. Stomach
    5. Small intestine
    6. Large intestine
    7. Rectum and anus
  2. Accessory digestive organs
    1. Dentition
    2. Tongue
    3. Salivary glands (composition of saliva)
    4. Liver (gall bladder and composition of bile)
    5. Pancreas (composition of pancreatic juice)

12.4.2 Discuss the process of digestion of carbohydrates, proteins and lipids in human being;
12.4.3 Describe dental diseases;
12.4.4 State causes and preventive measures of different types of dental diseases;
12.4.5 Describe disorders of GIT (diarrhoea, dysentery, constipation, piles, dyspepsia, peptic ulcer, food poisoning, anorexia and bulimia nervosa);
12.4.6 Discuss causes and preventive measures of gastrointestinal disorders;

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13. Gaseous Exchange
13.1 Gaseous Exchange in Plants 13.1.1 Define respiration;
13.1.2 Describe conditions necessary for gaseous exchange;
13.1.3 Differentiate between gaseous exchange in plants through stomata and lenticels;
13.1.4 Describe process and importance of photorespiration;		 *
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13.2 Gaseous Exchange in Animals 13.2.1 Describe properties of respiratory surface;
13.2.2 Describe process of gaseous exchange in hydra, earthworm and cockroach;
13.2.3 Explain the mechanism of gaseous exchange in fish, frogs and birds;
13.2.4 Differentiate between complete and incomplete ventilation;		 *
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13.3 Respiratory System of Human Being 13.3.1 Relate the function of each organ of respiratory system of human being with its function:
  1. Upper respiratory tract
    1. Nose
    2. Pharynx
    3. Larynx
  2. Lower respiratory tract
    1. Trachea
    2. Bronchi and bronchioles
    3. Lungs
    4. Pleurae

13.3.2 Explain mechanism of breathing in human beings;
13.3.3 Differentiate between voluntary and involuntary control of breathing;
13.3.4 Explain transportation of carbon dioxide and oxygen by the blood;

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13.4 Respiratory Disorders 13.4.1 Discuss causes, symptoms and preventive measures of:
  1. Upper respiratory tract infections
    1. Sinusitis
    2. Otitis media
  2. Lower respiratory tract infections
    1. Pneumonia
    2. Tuberculosis
    3. Emphysema
    4. Lung cancer

13.4.2 Explain the effects of smoking on respiratory system;

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14. Transport
14.1 Introduction 14.1.1 Define transport in living organisms;
14.1.2 Describe the importance of transport of material in living organisms;		 *
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14.2 Transportation in Plants 14.2.1 Explain uptake of water and minerals by roots and pathways (apoplast, symplast and vacuolar) involved in it;
14.2.2 Define water potential, osmotic potential and pressure potential;
14.2.3 Calculate water potential of living cells;
14.2.4 Differentiate between plasmolysis and deplasmolysis;		 *
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14.3 Ascent of Sap 14.3.1 Define ascent of sap;
14.3.2 Explain factors affecting ascent of sap:
  1. Cohesion
  2. Adhesion
  3. Xylem vessels

14.3.3 Explain mechanism of transpiration pull with reference to cohesion tension theory, root pressure and imbibition;
14.3.4 Define bleeding in plants;
14.4 Transpiration 14.4.1 Define transpiration;
– Differentiate among types of transpiration (cuticular, lenticular and stomatal transpiration);
– Explain mechanisms involved in opening and closing of stomata:
  1. Starch sugar hypothesis
  2. Influx of potassium ions

14.4.4 Analyse the effect of various factors affecting the rate of transpiration:

  1. Light
  2. Wind
  3. Humidity
  4. Temperature
  5. Availability of soil water
  6. Carbon dioxide concentration

14.4.5 Discuss why transpiration is considered as a necessary evil;

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14.5 Translocation 14.5.1 Define translocation;
14.5.2 Explain mechanism of phloem translocation (diffusion and pressure flow hypothesis);		 *
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14.6 Transportation in Animals 14.6.1 Describe the process of transportation in amoeba, hydra and planaria;
14.6.2 Describe circulatory system of vertebrates;
14.6.3 Exemplify open and closed circulatory system;
14.6.4 Differentiate between single circuit and double circuit circulation;
14.6.5 Describe evolutionary variation in vertebrates’ heart (fish, amphibians, reptiles, birds and mammals);
14.6.6 Compare circulatory systems of fishes, amphibians, reptiles, birds and mammals;		 *
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14.7 Circulatory System of Human Beings 14.7.1 Describe the composition and functions of blood in human beings;
14.7.2 Describe disorders of blood:
  1. Leukaemia
  2. Thalassemia
  3. Oedema

14.7.3 Discuss preventive measures and treatment of blood disorders;
14.7.4 Describe structure and function of human heart;
14.7.5 Explain cardiac cycle (sequence of events and mechanism of heart excitation and contraction);
14.7.6 Relate the function of the artificial pace maker with that of the sino-atrial node;
14.7.7 Describe causes of blue babies;
14.7.8 Differentiate among artery, vein and capillary on the basis of their structure and function;
14.7.9 Differentiate between blood pressure and pulse pressure;
14.7.10 Describe lymphatic system, lymph vessels and lymph node;
14.7.11 Describe functions of lymphatic system;

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14.8 Cardiovascular Disorders 14.8.1 Describe atherosclerosis, arteriosclerosis, thrombus formation embolus, coronary thrombosis, myocardial infarction, stroke and hypertension;
14.8.2 Describe causes, effects and preventive measures of atherosclerosis, arteriosclerosis, myocardial infarction and hypertension;
14.8.3 Define haemorrhage;		 *
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14.9 Immune System 14.9.1 Define immunity;
14.9.2 Explain innate defence (barrier defence and internal defence);
14.9.3 Explain adaptive immune system (humoral response and cell mediated response);
14.9.4 Differentiate between primary and secondary immune responses;
14.9.5 Differentiate between active and passive immunity;		 *
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